How gear cycle work

How To Shift Gears On A Cycle? bike Illustrative

Whether you ride a road bike, commuter bike, mountain bike or a hybrid bike, you’ll most probably have gears. If you’re new to the world of geared cycles and you’re wondering how to ride a gear cycle, it can be pretty overwhelming to think of the numerous gears and when to shift them. Well, there’s no need to worry because we’ve put together a handy guide that incorporates all the things you’ll need to know about geared cycles and shifting gears. First things first, what are gears and what is the use of gears in a cycle? Firefox Bikes – Bicycle for Every Rider0 (open) BIKES (open) ACCESSORIES STORE LOCATOR CONTACT US BIKE SERVICE #GOBIKING TRIBE BLOG MY ACCOUNT SIGN IN COMPARE Home / Informative articles on cycling, Bicyles and more - Firefox Blog / How To Shift Gears On A Cycle? How To Shift Gears On A Cycle? Bike Illustrative / 01 Jul, 2019 By: Firefox Bikes How to shift gears on a cycle Whether you ride a road bike, commuter bike, mountain bike or a hybrid bike, you’ll most probably have gears. If you’re new to the world of geared cycles and you’re wondering how to ride a gear cycle, it can be pretty overwhelming to think of the numerous gears and when to shift them. Well, there’s no need to worry because we’ve put together a handy guide that incorporates all the things you’ll need to know about geared cycles and shifting gears. First things first, what are gears and what is the use of gears in a cycle? These mechanical wonders allow you to speed up and even pass different terrains smoothly, allowing you to power up a steep slope without bursting a lung. Getting a geared bike makes riding more comfortable and efficient whether you’re climbing mountains or cruising the streets in any city. Basically, gears help in two ways: 1. When going uphill: When riding a normal cycle, you’ll have to put maximum effort going uphill, and you’re already at the highest speed you can be. With a geared bike, you can shift to a lower gear and pedal faster, allowing you to use less energy and putting less strain on yourself and the bike. 2. When going downhill: Shift to the top gear while pedalling at high speeds so as to reduce the RPM. The next question that arises is: How many gears does a cycle have? And, which gears to use on a bicycle? Shifting gears can be confusing, so it’s always ideal to know which gear to use and when. Most bikes have two sets of gears. Namely, the front gears called the chain rings and the rear gears called the rear cogs or sprockets. 1. Chainrings: The front gears or chainrings are used to carry out heavy changes in the gears. The left shifter on the handlebar controls the front derailleur that shifts the chain between these chainrings. Here are a few tips to help you decide what gear works best for you and when to put it in use: The smallest chainring: Use this when you expect the going to get tough, like when you’re going uphill. So, to reach optimum speed, use the smallest chainring. The medium chainring: Use for regular cruising around the streets and flat terrains. The large chainring: When you want to and can go to high speeds, like when you’re riding downhill or on a smooth, flat road, the large chainring is ideal. 2.Rear Cogs: These are used more often to make minor changes. The derailleur that shifts the chain up and down is controlled by the right shifter on the handlebar. Remember: Right=Rear, Left=Front. Bike Gears: The Basics How do cycle gears work? Bicycles have gears to make going uphill easier, and also to facilitate going faster on level ground. One can think of gears as the same thing as speed. A bike with 7 gears is the same thing as a 7-speed bike. Lower numbers are lower gears, and higher numbers are higher gears. Shifting means going from one gear to another. The bicycle gear system works by sliding the shifter on the handlebars. A bicycle gear system involves Downshifting and Upshifting - Downshifting means going to a lower gear and Upshifting means going to a higher gear. This is also known as shift down and shift up. The shifting basics

: The left shifter changes the ring next to the pedals. When you downshift with the left shifter, you’re moving to a smaller ring. The smallest ring is 1, the middle ring is 2 and the biggest ring is 3. The right shifter changes the ring on the rear wheel. This is the opposite of the front set. The biggest ring is 1 and the smallest ring is 6. You can downshift with either shifter, moving it from a higher number to a smaller number. However, you get a bigger change when you shift with the left-hand shifter rather than when you shift with the right-hand shifter. It is important to change gears slowly and gradually. You’re prone to experience a lot of clunking and an increased risk in dropping your chain if you shift down from your biggest cog to your littlest cog in 5 seconds. The aim is to change gears one at a time, slowly clicking-up or down and pedalling in between the changes. Pedal softly when you change gears, especially on rough surfaces, as applying pressure mid change can result in you losing your chain. How many gears do cycles have? Bikes generally have 1, 3, 18, 21, 24 or 27 speeds. Different types of bikes have different number of gears. BMX and fixed gear bikes usually have a single gear. Road bikes usually have two cogs at the front and up to nine at the back, so eighteen gears. Mountain bikes have the biggest range of gears and variation in bikes. Mountain bikes have gear shifters between ten and thirty in total, since they can have one to three cogs on the front and up to ten on the back. Kids bikes can have anywhere from six to twelve gears. How to use and change gears in your cycle? Your bike will work in any combination of front and back gears. However, the right combination will feel really smooth and effortless. The three basic gear choices for smooth gear shifting are as follows:

This gear is great for climbing. Switching down to this combination as you approach the climb will allow you to climb the hill slowly and steadily with less effort. In this combination: Front gear = Small chainring Back gear = The largest sprockets (e.g. 1-3) Normal Gear:

offer too much resistance and can be used while cruising along a flat road or any undulating terrain. This is great when you want resistance, but not too much. You can flick between the rear gears to cater to changes when the road goes up and down a little bit. In this combination: Front gear = Small chainring on double/compact or middle chainring on a triple Back gear = The middle sprockets (e.g. 3­-6) High Gear:

Top gear is great for descending, accelerating, or for when you want to go fast on a flat road. What happens in high gear is that you travel a longer distance for each pedal turn. In this combination: Front gear = Big chainring Back gear = Smallest sprockets (e.g. 4-7) When to shift gears on your bicycle? When you’re just getting comfortable with your bike and the bike gear shifters, use only the rear cogs and the small or middle chainring. This will allow you to get the hang of it before you shift into harder gears. If you’re unsure of what gear you’re in, just take a quick look. A glance to the front confirms what ring you’re in, and a glance to the back will give you an idea as to whether you’re in a higher or lower gear. What are the best gears to cycle in? Shift to easier gears when climbing uphill or when you’re riding in the direction of the wind. Use a harder gear for flat terrains, or if the wind is blowing from behind - a tailwind situation. If you’re in doubt, it is advisable to shift before a terrain change. This is especially applicable for hills or climbs. Shift gears in anticipation of the climb, not when you feel the incline kick in. Once you’re more familiar, you can play with different gear combinations for different situations. While riding uphill or into a headwind, it is best to use the front chainring and bigger rear cogs. While riding downhill, use the middle or big front chainring and a range of rear cogs. Do you shift gears while pedalling? Completely stopping the pedalling will not allow you to shift gears at all. Reducing the tension and pedalling with a small force is ideal. How to shift Shimano Gears? The most popular group set among bike manufacturers today are the Shimano gear shifters. Shimano makes use of STI levers which stands for ‘Shimano Total Integration,’ wherein, the left shifter controls the front derailleur and the right shifter controls the rear derailleur. What is cross-chaining and why to avoid it?

Firefox Bikes – Bicycle for Every Rider0 (open) BIKES (open) ACCESSORIES STORE LOCATOR CONTACT US BIKE SERVICE #GOBIKING TRIBE BLOG MY ACCOUNT SIGN IN COMPARE Home / Informative articles on cycling, Bicyles and more - Firefox Blog / How To Shift Gears On A Cycle? How To Shift Gears On A Cycle? Bike Illustrative / 01 Jul, 2019 By: Firefox Bikes How to shift gears on a cycle Whether you ride a road bike, commuter bike, mountain bike or a hybrid bike, you’ll most probably have gears. If you’re new to the world of geared cycles and you’re wondering how to ride a gear cycle, it can be pretty overwhelming to think of the numerous gears and when to shift them. Well, there’s no need to worry because we’ve put together a handy guide that incorporates all the things you’ll need to know about geared cycles and shifting gears. First things first, what are gears and what is the use of gears in a cycle? These mechanical wonders allow you to speed up and even pass different terrains smoothly, allowing you to power up a steep slope without bursting a lung. Getting a geared bike makes riding more comfortable and efficient whether you’re climbing mountains or cruising the streets in any city. Basically, gears help in two ways: 1. When going uphill: When riding a normal cycle, you’ll have to put maximum effort going uphill, and you’re already at the highest speed you can be. With a geared bike, you can shift to a lower gear and pedal faster, allowing you to use less energy and putting less strain on yourself and the bike. 2. When going downhill: Shift to the top gear while pedalling at high speeds so as to reduce the RPM. The next question that arises is: How many gears does a cycle have? And, which gears to use on a bicycle? Shifting gears can be confusing, so it’s always ideal to know which gear to use and when. Most bikes have two sets of gears. Namely, the front gears called the chain rings and the rear gears called the rear cogs or sprockets. 1. Chainrings: The front gears or chainrings are used to carry out heavy changes in the gears. The left shifter on the handlebar controls the front derailleur that shifts the chain between these chainrings. Here are a few tips to help you decide what gear works best for you and when to put it in use: The smallest chainring: Use this when you expect the going to get tough, like when you’re going uphill. So, to reach optimum speed, use the smallest chainring. The medium chainring: Use for regular cruising around the streets and flat terrains. The large chainring: When you want to and can go to high speeds, like when you’re riding downhill or on a smooth, flat road, the large chainring is ideal. 2.Rear Cogs: These are used more often to make minor changes. The derailleur that shifts the chain up and down is controlled by the right shifter on the handlebar. Remember: Right=Rear, Left=Front. Bike Gears: The Basics How do cycle gears work? Bicycles have gears to make going uphill easier, and also to facilitate going faster on level ground. One can think of gears as the same thing as speed. A bike with 7 gears is the same thing as a 7-speed bike. Lower numbers are lower gears, and higher numbers are higher gears. Shifting means going from one gear to another. The bicycle gear system works by sliding the shifter on the handlebars. A bicycle gear system involves Downshifting and Upshifting - Downshifting means going to a lower gear and Upshifting means going to a higher gear. This is also known as shift down and shift up. The shifting basics: The left shifter changes the ring next to the pedals. When you downshift with the left shifter, you’re moving to a smaller ring. The smallest ring is 1, the middle ring is 2 and the biggest ring is 3. The right shifter changes the ring on the rear wheel. This is the opposite of the front set. The biggest ring is 1 and the smallest ring is 6. You can downshift with either shifter, moving it from a higher number to a smaller number. However, you get a bigger change when you shift with the left-hand shifter rather than when you shift with the right-hand shifter. It is important to change gears slowly and gradually. You’re prone to experience a lot of clunking and an increased risk in dropping your chain if you shift down from your biggest cog to your littlest cog in 5 seconds. The aim is to change gears one at a time, slowly clicking-up or down and pedalling in between the changes. Pedal softly when you change gears, especially on rough surfaces, as applying pressure mid change can result in you losing your chain. How many gears do cycles have? Bikes generally have 1, 3, 18, 21, 24 or 27 speeds. Different types of bikes have different number of gears. BMX and fixed gear bikes usually have a single gear. Road bikes usually have two cogs at the front and up to nine at the back, so eighteen gears. Mountain bikes have the biggest range of gears and variation in bikes. Mountain bikes have gear shifters between ten and thirty in total, since they can have one to three cogs on the front and up to ten on the back. Kids bikes can have anywhere from six to twelve gears. How to use and change gears in your cycle? Your bike will work in any combination of front and back gears. However, the right combination will feel really smooth and effortless. The three basic gear choices for smooth gear shifting are as follows: Low Gear: This gear is great for climbing. Switching down to this combination as you approach the climb will allow you to climb the hill slowly and steadily with less effort. In this combination: Front gear = Small chainring Back gear = The largest sprockets (e.g. 1-3) Normal Gear: This gear is great for everyday terrain that does not offer too much resistance and can be used while cruising along a flat road or any undulating terrain. This is great when you want resistance, but not too much. You can flick between the rear gears to cater to changes when the road goes up and down a little bit. In this combination: Front gear = Small chainring on double/compact or middle chainring on a triple Back gear = The middle sprockets (e.g. 3­-6) High Gear: Top gear is great for descending, accelerating, or for when you want to go fast on a flat road. What happens in high gear is that you travel a longer distance for each pedal turn. In this combination: Front gear = Big chainring Back gear = Smallest sprockets (e.g. 4-7) When to shift gears on your bicycle? When you’re just getting comfortable with your bike and the bike gear shifters, use only the rear cogs and the small or middle chainring. This will allow you to get the hang of it before you shift into harder gears. If you’re unsure of what gear you’re in, just take a quick look. A glance to the front confirms what ring you’re in, and a glance to the back will give you an idea as to whether you’re in a higher or lower gear. What are the best gears to cycle in? Shift to easier gears when climbing uphill or when you’re riding in the direction of the wind. Use a harder gear for flat terrains, or if the wind is blowing from behind - a tailwind situation. If you’re in doubt, it is advisable to shift before a terrain change. This is especially applicable for hills or climbs. Shift gears in anticipation of the climb, not when you feel the incline kick in. Once you’re more familiar, you can play with different gear combinations for different situations. While riding uphill or into a headwind, it is best to use the front chainring and bigger rear cogs. While riding downhill, use the middle or big front chainring and a range of rear cogs. Do you shift gears while pedalling? Completely stopping the pedalling will not allow you to shift gears at all. Reducing the tension and pedalling with a small force is ideal. How to shift Shimano Gears? The most popular group set among bike manufacturers today are the Shimano gear shifters. Shimano makes use of STI levers which stands for ‘Shimano Total Integration,’ wherein, the left shifter controls the front derailleur and the right shifter controls the rear derailleur. What is cross-chaining and why to avoid it? Cross-chaining is when you’re in your big chainring and the biggest cog, or on your small chainring and your smallest cog. The problem with this is that it stretches your chain diagonally to its limits, and seriously risks damaging your drivetrain. This is not an immediate problem, but will wear out both your rings and gears over time leading to costly repairs in the future. Some important tips to remember when using a geared cycle: 1. Don’t shift too quickly: While going downhill, it may be tempting to directly shift up to a higher gear, but this can cause the chain to jump off the gears completely. Shift gradually to make sure that the chain has engaged with each new gear before moving to the next one. 2. Left= big changes, right= fine tuning. When you’re anticipating a climb, it's easier to use the left shifter. Once you are at an easier gear, you can then easily fine tune using the right shifter. 3. Anticipate the climb: It’s important to anticipate the climb and shift gears before actually making the climb. 4. Don’t cross-chain: Avoid staying on one chainring and only changing the gears at the back. 5. Practice makes perfect: Get comfortable and understand how each combination of cogs and chainrings work. Spend some time getting used to changing different gears on different terrains. With practice, gear changing will come almost instinctively - so don’t stress and just practice until you’ve got it at your fingertips.

Groww app is safe or not

Mutual funds have taken over the Indian financial markets by storm. Their popularity has grown in recent times, and they've gone on to become the go-to investment option for many investors.

With growing awareness of mutual funds, what benefits they bring to a portfolio, and the importance of regularly investing in mutual funds, investors now seek out the best platforms to invest in mutual funds. Here, we are reviewing one such platform which is helping investors invest in more than 300 mutual funds and also has portfolio tracking features. Let's get to know: Groww. What is Groww App? Groww is one of India's fastest-growing investment platforms, having launched in 2017 by former Flipkart employees, Harsh Jain, Lalit Keshre, Ishan Bansal, and Neeraj Singh. Groww has been able to make a place for itself amidst the fierce competition in the wealth management space. It has shown an impressive growth trajectory, as evidenced by its user base, which has grown from zero to 2 million since its launch. Investors looking to invest in mutual funds can download the app hosted on the Android/iOS app stores. The investment process is free and straightforward, with no paperwork required; you simply just buy and sell. The app's best feature is that investors can directly invest in mutual funds, make SIP for free with zero commission, and track the invested mutual funds. Transparency and simplicity are the USPs of the Groww app. Here are the documents you need to register on Groww? Registration on Groww is effortless. Following is a list of important documents required for the registration process: Aadhar card. PAN card. Bank details. Internet banking. Google account/Gmail. So, what can you do on Groww App? Groww provides investors with a plethora of features. The Groww Balance allows the investors to invest using UPI in just a single click. SmartSave helps the investors to get better returns compared to bank deposits. Let's look at some of the essential features: Option to invest in any fund (SIP and one-time): Investors are presented with an option to invest in any fund from the entire product basket. They can make a lump-sum (one-time) payment for a fund or can set up a Systematic Investment Plan (SIP) in any of the funds. Making a SIP entails a fixed pre-decided amount getting directly debited from the linked bank account every month, which is then invested in selected mutual funds. Investors can add more money to existing mutual funds: Investors can make further investments in the portfolios they have already invested in earlier with the Groww platform's help. Redemption made easy with one-click: Groww platform makes it easy to redeem the accumulated units or money in mutual funds with just one click. The amount gets transferred to the bank account linked seamlessly. Easy cancellation/stopping of an ongoing SIP: You can face a crisis or an emergency and cannot continue an ongoing SIP. Well, worry about that, not! Groww facilitates the cancelling/stopping of an ongoing SIP. Investors can switch from regular funds to direct mutual funds: Investors can easily switch from regular to direct mutual funds through the Groww platform. Switching means selling the units of the current scheme and purchasing the units of the new scheme. Therefore, switching may attract taxes and exit loads. The new Groww App features Now you can invest via UPI: This feature was launched in May, and it quickly caught on. Now more than 50% of the transactions take place via UPI. Portfolio Insight: Want to know how your investment portfolio is doing? Check the portfolio insight feature, which is an X-ray of your investments. Compare mutual funds: This feature is especially for those investors who prefer to compare various funds before investing. Investors can compare up to 3 mutual funds at a time. SIP Journey: Transparency is brought to the SIP process through this feature. Investors can view their payment history on the app through this feature. Is it safe to invest through Groww App? The Groww platform is fully secure and reliable. Their website reads that they employ bank-grade security features on their platform. Groww operates the BSE Star MF transaction platforms, ensuring that all the transactions directly fund AMC. This is a reasonable assurance for the investors because if Groww was to shut down one day, investors could continue transacting with the AMC. Groww is registered with SEBI under the name Finvantage Investment Advisor Private Limited with a registered office in Bangalore. Its SEBI registration number is INA20008981. How Groww exactly make money? As discussed earlier, Groww facilitates direct mutual fund transactions with the AMCs, which do not offer any commission. Groww charges no commission from its users for using their platform and availing their services. Groww does not charge any commission like many of its competitors. So, naturally, you might have a question about how does it make money? Well, the answer is simple! Groww makes money by providing premium features such as advisory services on investment and portfolio. What is so unique about the Groww platform? Groww is more than just an app that is accessible on both web and a mobile platform. The user experience is similar in both mediums. Because of the app's ease of use, the app contributes approximately 75% to the business. The app developers continuously stay in touch with the users daily, trying to understand their wants, likes, and needs. This helps them to deliver a better user experience. Groww is prompt in answering customer queries, which is appreciated by the investor-base. The Final Verdict In reviewing the Groww platform, we found an ideal investment platform for seasoned investors and millennials and novice investors. The user interface is simple and easy to navigate. There is a live chat option that allows investors to seek help from customer service. The best part of the entire Groww experience is that there is no charge to use the platform. Since the platform allows direct dealing with the AMCs, middlemen are eliminated, which brings down the costs for the customers. We suggest every individual who wishes to invest in mutual funds to try out this platform once because it will make the entire investment process simple and hassle-free. Stay Positive, Test Negative, Happy Investing!

10 way to earn money online

10 way to earn money online

LATEST TRENDING PREMIUM e-paper Get APP OPEN APP Home >Money >Personal Finance >10 easy ways to earn money online 10 easy ways to earn money online Photo: Reuters Photo: Reuters 3 min read . 15 Feb 2021 Sangeeta Tanwar Ad Earning money online has never been as easy as now. The growing world of online has opened up some unusual but real opportunities to make money from the comfort of your home. And worry not you don’t need special skills or qualification before you say get set go. TRENDING STORIESSee All DRDO's 2-DG drug for Covid-19 treatment to be launched next week 1 min read . 07:08 AM IST Tauktae update: Cyclone likely to intensify into cyclonic storm by today morning 2 min read . 06:25 AM IST EPF account holders are eligible for pension benefit too. Here's how 1 min read . 14 May 2021 Black Fungus: Govt shares do's and don'ts amid rise in Mucormycosis cases in Covid patients 2 min read . 14 May 2021 Here’s your guide to 10 lesser-known but real ways of making money online. Get on to the PTC sites You could start earning money by simply clicking on advertisements by visiting websites such as ClixSense.com, BuxP and NeoBux. These are paid-to-click (PTC) sites and require a user to register. Such sites also reward you monetarily for providing them with references. Promoting sponsored social shares You too can benefit from the rise of social media platforms where organisations across businesses pay you for posting about them and their products. These sponsored posts include posting pictures and talking about company products on social media platforms like Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter. Watch video MORE FROM THIS SECTIONSee All You can now add a nominee to your car and bike 1 min read . 14 May 2021 Know the condition before opting for a fixed deposit with free life insurance 1 min read . 14 May 2021 Why you should avoid cash in these transactions 1 min read . 14 May 2021 PREMIUM Need a credit card or auto loan? Banks are making them easier to get 3 min read . 14 May 2021 If you like watching TV you can make a quick buck by simply watching short videos. All you have to do is reach out to research firm Nielsen or become a Netflix tagger to watch content on your device and get paid for it. There are other players like InboxDollars which pay you in cash for watching videos. Test websites Don’t worry as you don’t need to possess technical know-how or skills to earn money as you test websites. You just get paid for spending time on a website and helping the developers with your user experience. You have to provide them feedback on the look and feel of the website and its functionality. With web testing, you can earn between $5 and $60 per hour. For web testing, you can try UserTesting, Enroll, TestingTime to earn money. Installing new apps Start earning money by installing some of these apps: ScreenLift: Make this Android app as your first screen to earn points or “Lifts." Fronto: This is another lock screen app which lets you exchange points for Walmart, Amazon, PayPal gift cards, and Google Play etc. Slidejoy: Use your lock screen to earn cash-like rewards. Sweatcoin: Get rewarded for just walking around. Ibotta: A cashback app which pays you $20 just for using it. Playing games Some sites will pay you money for playing games. These include Second Life, Swagbucks, Lucktastic, and Mistplay. Some of these websites pay you in the form of gift cards and some through PayPal. Have an opinion get paid You can earn money by taking online surveys on websites like Survey Junkie, Swagbucks, and InboxDollar. Such sites don’t pay much but you can still earn $0.50 to $3 per survey. Join a focus group Earn by becoming a part of a focus group or testing brand products with User Interviews, FocusGroup.com or Respondent.io. Selling old gift cards Bring those old gift cards out of the cupboard. Keep some but those which you don’t want to sell them online through CardCash and receive cashback. Selling photos Do you have boxes and albums full of pictures the old and the new? Are you the one who clicks pictures whenever something interesting catches your eye? If the answer is yes then reach out to stock photography websites which are always looking for photos for several subjects. You can upload your images to popular photography sites like Shutterstock, Photoshelter, and Getty Images. The best part is you get paid every time someone buys a photograph clicked by you. Make a small beginning and earn from home by exploring some of these options. The income may not be big in the starting but you can always increase your earnings by intelligently combining a few of these options. As you explore easy ways of earning money online be wary of the platforms that you use. Don’t fall for fake platforms that could cheat you or trick you to part with critical financial and personal information. Never miss a story! Stay connected and informed with Mint. Download our App Now!!

Kali Linux tutorial

Guru99 Kali Linux Tutorial for Beginners: What is, How to Install & Use What is Kali Linux? Kali Linux is a security distribution of Linux derived from Debian and specifically designed for computer forensics and advanced penetration testing. It was developed through rewriting of BackTrack by Mati Aharoni and Devon Kearns of Offensive Security. Kali Linux contains several hundred tools that are well-designed towards various information security tasks, such as penetration testing, security research, computer forensics and reverse engineering. BackTrack was their previous information security Operating System. The first iteration of Kali Linux was Kali 1.0.0 was introduced in March 2013. Offensive Security currently funds and supports Kalin Linux. If you were to visit Kali's website today ( Download link 👇👇👇👇👇 www.kali.org ), you would see a large banner stating, "Our Most Advanced Penetration Testing Distribution, Ever." A very bold statement that ironically has yet to be disproven. Kali Linux has over 600 preinstalled penetration-testing applications to discover. Each program with its unique flexibility and use case. Kali Linux does excellent job separating these useful utilities into the following categories: Information Gathering Vulnerability Analysis Wireless Attacks Web Applications Exploitation Tools Stress Testing Forensics Tools Sniffing & Spoofing Password Attacks Maintaining Access Reverse Engineering Reporting Tools Hardware Hacking In this Kali Linux tutorial for beginners, you will learn basics of Kali Linux like: What is Kali Linux? Who uses Kali Linux and Why? Kali Linux Installation Methods How To Install Kali Linux using Virtual Box Getting Started with Kali Linux GUI What is Nmap? Nmap Target Selection How to Perform a Basic Nmap Scan on Kali Linux Nmap OS Scan What is Metasploit? Metasploit and Nmap Metasploit Exploit Utility Who uses Kali Linux and Why? Kali Linux is truly a unique operating system, as its one of the few platforms openly used by both good guys and bad guys. Security Administrators, and Black Hat Hackers both use this operating system extensively. One to detect and prevent security breaches, and the other to identify and possibly exploit security breaches. The number of tools configured and preinstalled on the operating system, make Kali Linux the Swiss Army knife in any security professionals toolbox. Professionals that use Kali Linux Security Administrators – Security Administrators are responsible for safeguarding their institution's information and data. They use Kali Linux to review their environment(s) and ensure there are no easily discoverable vulnerabilities. Network Administrators – Network Administrators are responsible for maintaining an efficient and secure network. They use Kali Linux to audit their network. For example, Kali Linux has the ability to detect rogue access points. Network Architects – Network Architects, are responsible for designing secure network environments. They utilize Kali Linux to audit their initial designs and ensure nothing was overlooked or misconfigured. Pen Testers – Pen Testers, utilize Kali Linux to audit environments and perform reconnaissance on corporate environments which they have been hired to review. CISO – CISO or Chief Information Security Officers, use Kali Linux to internally audit their environment and discover if any new applications or rouge configurations have been put in place. Forensic Engineers – Kali Linux posses a "Forensic Mode", which allows a Forensic Engineer to perform data discovery and recovery in some instances. White Hat Hackers – White Hat Hackers, similar to Pen Testers use Kali Linux to audit and discover vulnerabilities which may be present in an environment. Black Hat Hackers – Black Hat Hackers, utilize Kali Linux to discover and exploit vulnerabilities. Kali Linux also has numerous social engineer applications, which can be utilized by a Black Hat Hacker to compromise an organization or individual. Grey Hat Hackers – Grey Hat Hackers, lie in between White Hat and Black Hat Hackers. They will utilize Kali Linux in the same methods as the two listed above. Computer Enthusiast – Computer Enthusiast is a pretty generic term, but anyone interested in learning more about networking or computers, in general, can use Kali Linux to learn more about Information Technology, networking, and common vulnerabilities. Kali Linux Installation Methods Kali Linux can be installed using the following methods: Ways to Run Kali Linux: Directly on a PC, Laptop – Utilizing a Kali ISO image, Kali Linux can be installed directly onto a PC or Laptop. This method is best if you have a spare PC and are familiar with Kali Linux. Also, if you plan or doing any access point testing, installing Kali Linux directly onto Wi-Fi enabled laptop is recommended. Virtualized (VMware, Hyper-V, Oracle VirtualBox, Citrix) – Kali Linux supports most known hypervisors and can be easily into the most popular ones. Pre-configured images are available for download from https://www.kali.org/, or an ISO can be used to install the operating system into the preferred hypervisor manually. Cloud (Amazon AWS, Microsoft Azure) – Given the popularity of Kali Linux, both AWS and Azure provide images for Kali Linux. USB Boot Disc – Utilizing Kali Linux's ISO, a boot disc can be created to either run Kali Linux on a machine without actually installing it or for Forensic purposes. Windows 10 (App) – Kali Linux can now natively run on Windows 10, via the Command Line. Not all features work yet as this is still in beta mode. Mac (Dual or Single boot) – Kali Linux can be installed on Mac, as a secondary operating system or as the primary. Parallels or Mac's boot functionality can be utilized to configure this setup. How To Install Kali Linux using Virtual Box Here is a step by step process on how to install Kali Linux using Vitual Box and how to use Kali Linux: The easiest method and arguably the most widely used is installing Kali Linux and running it from Oracle's VirtualBox. This method allows you to continue to use your existing hardware while experimenting with the featured enriched Kali Linux in a completely isolated environment. Best of all everything is free. Both Kali Linux and Oracle VirtualBox are free to use. This Kali Linux tutorial assumes you have already installed Oracle's VirtualBox on your system and have enabled 64-bit Virtualization via the Bios.

Step 1) Go to https://www.kali.org/downloads/ This will download an OVA image, which can be imported into VirtualBox Step 2) Open the Oracle VirtualBox Application, and from the File, Menu select Import Appliance File Menu -> Import Appliance Step 3) On the following screen "Appliance to Import" Browse to the location of the downloaded OVA file and click Open Step 4) Once you click Open, you will be taken back to the "Appliance to Import" simply click Next Step 5) The following screen "Appliance Settings" displays a summary of the systems settings, leaving the default settings is fine. As shown in the screenshot below, make a note of where the Virtual Machine is located and then click Import. Step 6) VirtualBox will now Import the Kali Linux OVA appliance. This process could take anywhere from 5 to 10 minutes to complete. Step 7) Congratulations, Kali Linux has been successfully installed on VirtualBox. You should now see the Kali Linux VM in the VirtualBox Console. Next, we'll take a look at Kali Linux and some initial steps to perform. Step 8) Click on the Kali Linux VM within the VirtualBox Dashboard and click Start, this will boot up the Kali Linux Operating System. Step 9) On the login screen, enter "Root" as the username and click Next. Step 10) As mentioned earlier, enter "toor" as the password and click SignIn. You will now be present with the Kali Linux GUI Desktop. Congratulations you have successfully logged into Kali Linux. Getting Started with Kali Linux GUI The Kali Desktop has a few tabs you should initially make a note of and become familiar with. Applications Tab, Places Tab, and the Kali Linux Dock. Applications Tab – Provides a Graphical Dropdown List of all the applications and tools pre-installed on Kali Linux. Reviewing the Applications Tab is a great way to become familiar with the featured enriched Kali Linux Operating System. Two applications we'll discuss in this Kali Linux tutorial are Nmap and Metasploit. The applications are placed into different categories which makes searching for an application much easier. Accessing Applications Step 1) Click on Applications Tab Step 2) Browse to the particular category you're interested in exploring Step 3) Click on the Application you would like to start. Places Tab – Similar to any other GUI Operating System, such as Windows or Mac, easy access to your Folders, Pictures and My Documents is an essential component. Places on Kali Linux provides that accessibility that is vital to any Operating System. By default, the Places menu has the following tabs, Home, Desktop, Documents, Downloads, Music, Pictures, Videos, Computer and Browse Network. Accessing Places Step 1) Click on the Places Tab Step 2) Select the location you would like to access. Kali Linux Dock – Similar to Apple Mac's Dock or Microsoft Windows Task Bar, the Kali Linux Dock provides quick access to frequently used / favorite applications. Applications can be added or removed easily. To Remove an Item from the Dock Step 1) Right-Click on the Dock Item Step 2) Select Remove From Favorites To Add Item to Dock Adding an item to the Dock is very similar to removing an item from the Dock Step 1) Click on the Show Applications button at the bottom of the Dock Step 2) Right Click on Application Step 3) Select Add to Favorites Once completed the item will be displayed within the Dock Kali Linux has many other unique features, which makes this Operating System the primary choice by Security Engineers and Hackers alike. Unfortunately, covering them all is not possible within this Kali Linux hacking tutorials; however, you should feel free to explore the different buttons displayed on the desktop. What is Nmap? Network Mapper, better known as Nmap for short is a free, open-source utility used for network discovery and vulnerability scanning. Security professionals use Nmap to discover devices running in their environments. Nmap also can reveal the services, and ports each host is serving, exposing a potential security risk. At the most basic level, consider Nmap, ping on steroids. The more advanced your technical skills evolve the more usefulness you'll find from Nmap Nmap offers the flexibility to monitor a single host or a vast network consisting of hundreds if not thousands of devices and subnets. The flexibility Nmap offers has evolved over the years, but at its core, it's a port-scanning tool, which gathers information by sending raw packets to a host system. Nmap then listens for responses and determines if a port is open, closed or filtered. The first scan you should be familiar with is the basic Nmap scan that scans the first 1000 TCP ports. If it discovers a port listening it will display the port as open, closed, or filtered. Filtered meaning a firewall is most likely in place modifying the traffic on that particular port. Below is a list of Nmap commands which can be used to run the default scan. Nmap Target Selection Scan a single IP nmap 192.168.1.1 Scan a host nmap www.testnetwork.com Scan a range of IPs nmap 192.168.1.1-20 Scan a subnet nmap 192.168.1.0/24 Scan targets from a text file nmap -iL list-of-ipaddresses.txt How to Perform a Basic Nmap Scan on Kali Linux To run a basic Nmap scan in Kali Linux, follow the steps below. With Nmap as depicted above, you have the ability to scan a single IP, a DNS name, a range of IP addresses, Subnets, and even scan from text files. For this example, we will scan the localhost IP address. Step 1) From the Dock menu, click on the second tab which is the Terminal Step 2) The Terminal window should open, enter the command ifconfig, this command will return the local IP address of your Kali Linux system. In this example, the local IP address is 10.0.2.15 Step 3) Make a note of the local IP Address Step 4) In the same terminal window, enter nmap 10.0.2.15, this will scan the first 1000 ports on the localhost. Considering this is the base install no ports should be open. Step 5) Review results By default, nmap only scans the first 1000 ports. If you needed to scan the complete 65535 ports, you would simply modify the above command to include -p-. Nmap 10.0.2.15 -p- Nmap OS Scan Another basic but useful feature of nmap is the ability to detect the OS of the host system. Kali Linux by default is secure, so for this example, the host system, which Oracle's VirtualBox is installed on, will be used as an example. The host system is a Windows 10 Surface. The host system's IP address is 10.28.2.26. In the Terminal window enter the following nmap command: nmap 10.28.2.26 – A Review results Adding -A tells nmap to not only perform a port scan but also try to detect the Operating System. Nmap is a vital utility in any Security Professional toolbox. Use the command nmap -h to explore more options and commands on Nmap. What is Metasploit? The Metasploit Framework is an open source project that provides a public resource for researching vulnerabilities and developing code that allows security professionals the ability to infiltrate their own network and identify security risk and vulnerabilities. Metasploit was recently purchased by Rapid 7 (https://www.metasploit.com). However, the community edition of Metasploit is still available on Kali Linux. Metasploit is by far the world's most used Penetration utility. It is important that you are careful when using Metasploit because scanning a network or environment that is not yours could be considered illegal in some instances. In this Kali Linux metasploit tutorial, we'll show you how to start Metasploit and run a basic scan on Kali Linux. Metasploit is considered an advance utility and will require some time to become adept, but once familiar with the application it will be an invaluable resource. Metasploit and Nmap Within Metasploit, we can actually utilize Nmap. In this case, you'll learn how to scan your local VirtualBox subnet from Metasploit using the Nmap utility we just learned about. Step 1) On the Applications Tab, scroll down to 08-Exploitation Tools and then select Metasploit Step 2) A terminal box will open, with MSF in the dialog, this is Metasploit Step 3) Enter the following command db_nmap -V -sV 10.0.2.15/24 (be sure to replace 10.0.2.15 with your local IP address) Here: db_ stands for database -V Stands for verbose mode -sV stands for service version detection Metasploit Exploit Utility Metasploit very robust with its features and flexibility. One common use for Metasploit is the Exploitation of Vulnerabilities. Below we'll go through the steps of reviewing some exploits and trying to exploit a Windows 7 Machine. Step 1) Assuming Metasploit is still open enter Hosts -R in the terminal window. This adds the hosts recently discovered to Metasploit database. Step 2) Enter "show exploits", this command will provide a comprehensive look at all the exploits available to Metasploit. Step 3) Now, try to narrow down the list with this command: search name: Windows 7, this command searches the exploits which specifically include windows 7, for the purpose of this example we will try to exploit a Windows 7 Machine. Depending on your environment, you will have to change the search parameters to meet your criteria. For example, if you have Mac or another Linux machine, you will have to change the search parameter to match that machine type. Step 4) For the purposes of this tutorial we will use an Apple Itunes vulnerability discovered in the list. To utilize the exploit, we must enter the complete path which is displayed in the list: use exploit/windows/browse/apple_itunes_playlist Step 5) If the exploit is successful the command prompt will change to display the exploit name followed by > as depicted in the below screenshot. Step 6) Enter show options to review what options are available to the exploit. Each exploit will, of course, have different options. Summary In sum, Kali Linux is an amazing operating system that is widely used by various professionals from Security Administrators, to Black Hat Hackers. Given its robust utilities, stability, and ease of use, it's an operating system everyone in the IT industry and computer enthusiast should be familiar with. Utilizing just the two applications discussed in this tutorial will significantly aid a firm in securing their Information Technology infrastructure. Both Nmap and Metasploit are available on other platforms, but their ease of use and pre-installed configuration on Kali Linux makes Kali the operating system of choice when evaluating and testing the security of a network. As stated previously, be careful using the Kali Linux, as it should only be used in network environments which you control and or have permission to test. As some utilities, may actually cause damage or loss of data. 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